Regular Expressions reference

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Introduction

Regular Expressions (RegEx) is a syntax for specifying patterns of text to search and replace, which can be used for renaming files via the Regular Expressions renaming rule.

Special metacharacters allow you to specify, for instance, that a particular string you are looking for occurs at the beginning or end of a line, or contains N recurrences of a certain character. Metacharacters, such as $ . ^ { [ ( | ) * + ? \ are interpreted according to their individual meaning, instead of finding a literal match for them.

In this document, patterns are shown in orange color. The subject text which is checked against a pattern for a possible match is shown in bold black. Parts of the subject text are color-coded to provide a clue as to why a certain part matches (green color), or does not match (red color).

Simple matches

When the search string does not contain any metacharacters, the RegEx processor works like "normal" search. It tries to find an exact copy of the search string. This is also known as a literal match.

If you want to find a literal match for a metacharacter, put a backslash \ before it. The \ character is called an escape character, because it lets the metacharacter escape from its special duty, and lets it act as a normal character. Its combination with a metacharacter is called escape sequence.

For example, metacharacter ^ matches the beginning of string, but pattern \^ matches ^ character literally. Similarly, pattern \\ matches \ character literally.

Pattern Matches Remarks foobar foobar This pattern does not contain any metacharacters, so all characters are matched literally. ^FooBarPtr ^FooBarPtr The \^ escape sequence searches for the character ^ literally.

Escape sequences

We already saw one use of escape sequence (above).

Specific escape sequences are interpreted as special conditions, as listed below.

Pattern Remarks \xnn Character represented by the hex code nn \x{nnnn} Two bytes char with hex code nnnn (unicode) \t Tab (HT/TAB), same as \x09 (Hex 09) \n New line (NL), same as \x0a (Hex 0a) \r Carriage return (CR), same as \x0d (Hex 0d) \f Form feed (FF), same as \x0c (Hex 0c) foo\x20bar Matches foo bar (note the space in the middle), but does not match foobar \tfoobar Matches foobar preceded by a tab (the tab is needed for the match)

Note that the tab, new line, carriage return, and form feed are all known as white space characters, because they are normally not visible on display, but the RegEx processor can distinguish between them.

Character classes

A character class is a list of characters surrounded by square brackets [ and ], which will match any one (and only one) character from the list.

Note that:

The characters are not separated with a comma or a space. If you repeat any character in the list, it is considered only once (duplicates are ignored). A hyphen character - is used to indicate a range of characters. Pattern Remarks [abcdef] Matches a, b, c, d, e, or f (only one character), but no other characters [c-m] Matches any one (and only one) of the small alphabetical characters, from c to m [G-J] Matches any one (and only one) of the capital alphabetical characters from G to J [a-zA-Z] Matches any one (and only one) of the alphabetical characters (capital or small) [5-8] Matches any one (and only one) of numerical characters from 5 to 8 [\n-\x1F] Matches any one (and only one) of characters with their ordinal value in range from #10 (\n) to #31 (\x1F), which in ASCII character table correspond to some non-printable characters. Note the use of escape sequences inside of this example.

There are some special conditions:

If you do not want any of the characters in the specified class, then place ^ at the very beginning of the list, which means "none of the characters listed in this class". If you want [ or ] itself to be completed.a member of a class, put it at the start or end of the list, or use an escape sequence by putting \ before it. Pattern Remarks [-az] Matches a, z, and - (since - is at the beginning of the pattern, the escape sequence is not needed) [a\-z] Matches a, z, and - (since - is not at the beginning/end of the pattern, the escape sequence is needed) [^0-9] Matches any non-digit character []-a] Matches any character from ] to a. (since ] is at the beginning of the pattern, the escape sequence is not needed) foob[aeiou]r Matches with foobar and foober, but not foobbr, foobcr, etc. foob[^aeiou]r Matches with foobbr, foobcr etc. but not foobar, foober, etc.

Predefined classes

Some of the character classes are used so often that RegEx has predefined escape sequences to represent them.

Pattern Remarks \w an alphanumeric character, including an underscore _ character \W a non-alphanumeric character \d a numeric character \D a non-numeric character \s any space (same as the [ \t\n\r\f] character class) \S a non space . any character in line (the symbol is just a dot)

Notice that the capitalized letters act as nagatives, for example, \w with \W.

Word and text boundaries

A word boundary \b matches a position between a word character \w and a non-word character \W. For the purpose of a word boundary position, the start and end of text will be treated as non-word characters \W. These markers are commonly used for matching patterns as whole words, while ignoring occurrences within words.

Pattern Remarks \b word boundary \B not word boundary \A start of text (^ is an alternative) \Z end of text ($ is an alternative)

For example, \bhis\b will search for a whole word his, but will ignore this, history or whistle.

Iterators

Iterators (quantifiers) are meta-characters that specify how many times the preceding expression has to repeat. For example, finding a numeric sequence exactly 3 to 5 digits long.

Iterators can be Greedy or Non-Greedy. Greedy means the expression grabs as much matching text as possible. In contrast, the non-greedy expression tries to match as little as possible.

All iterators are greedy by default. Adding ? (question mark) at the end of an iterator makes it non-greedy.

For example:

when b+ (a greedy expression) is applied to string abbbc, it matches bbb (as many as possible), but when b+? (a non-greedy expression) is applied to abbbc, it matches only b (as few as possible). Pattern Remarks Greedy Remarks * zero or more Yes equivalent to {0,} + one or more Yes equivalent to {1,} ? zero or one Yes equivalent to {0,1} {n} exactly n times Yes {n,} at least n times Yes {n,m} at least n but not more than m times Yes *? zero or more No equivalent to {0,}? +? one or more No equivalent to {1,}? ?? zero or one No equivalent to {0,1}? {n}? exactly n times No {n,}? at least n times No {n,m}? at least n but not more than m times No

Let us see some examples:

Pattern Remarks foob.*r matches foobar, foobxyz123r and foobr foob.+r matches foobar, foobxyz123r but not foobr foob.?r matches foobar, foobbr and foobr but not foobxyz123r fooba{2}r matches foobaar fooba{2,}r matches foobaar, foobaaar, foobaaaar but not foobar fooba{2,3}r matches foobaar, foobaaar but not foobaaaar or foobar

Alternatives

A RegEx expression can have multiple alternative characters or subexpressions. The metacharacter | is used to separate the alternatives.

For example, fee|fie|foe will match with fee, fie, or foe in the target string.

It is difficult to understand where each alternative starts and ends. This is why it is a common practice to include alternatives in parentheses, to make it easier to understand.

For example, fee|fie|foe can be written as f(e|i|o)e, to make it easier to understand.

Alternatives are tried from left to right, so the first alternative found for which the entire expression matches, is the one that is chosen. For example, when matching foo|foot against barefoot, only the foo part will match, because that is the first alternative tried, and it successfully matches the target string. (This is important when you are capturing matched text using parentheses.)

RegEx Pattern Remarks foo(bar|foo) matches foobar or foofoo

Also remember that alternatives cannot be used inside a character class (square brackets), because | is interpreted as a literal within []. That means [fee|fie|foe] is same as [feio|]. (The other characters are treated as duplicates, and ignored).

Subexpressions

Parts of any RegEx pattern can be enclosed in brackets (), just like using brackets in a mathematics formula. Each part that is enclosed in brackets is called a "subexpression".

The brackets serve two main purposes:

Better readability, as in the mathematical formula a+(b+c). Make a functional group, as in the mathematical formula a(b+c). This group is evaluated first.

Let us see some examples:

RegEx Pattern Remarks (fee)|(fie)|(foe) Much better readability than the equivalent RegEx pattern fee|fie|foe. (foobar){2,3} Matches with the entire enclosed string foobar repeated 2 or 3 times. (i.e., matches with foobarfoobar or foobarfoobarfoobar) (The iterator acts on the entire subexpression. Compare with the example below!) foobar{2,3} Matches with fooba followed by the character r repeated 2 or 3 times. (i.e., matches with foobarr or foobarrr) (The iterator acts only on the last character.) foob([0-9]|a+)r matches only the character foob0r, foob1r, foobar, foobaar, foobaaaar, etc. (The subexpression is evaluated first.)

Backreferences

You must have told (or heard-) jokes like this one:

"Two guys walk in a bar. The first guy says.... Then the second guy replies....".

Then you are already familiar with backreferences!

A "backreference" is a numbered reference to a previously mentioned thing.

RegEx also has backreferences. Let us understand how backreferences are defined in RegEx.

The RegEx engine tries to find text that matches the whole RegEx pattern. If a matching text is found, the RegEx engine identifies the matching text for each of the subexpressions in the pattern.

At this stage, the RegEx engine gives numbers to these matching parts:

The text that matches the entire RegEx expression takes the number '0'. The text matching any subexpression is given a number based on the position of that subexpression inside the pattern. In other words, text matching the nth subexpression will take the number 'n'.

Now we use those numbers to refer to the entire pattern and/or subexpressions. (That is why these numbers are called "backreference".)

The backreference to the nth subexpression is written as \n.

The backreferences can be used to compose the RegEx pattern itself, as shown below:

(.)\1+ matches aaaa and cc (any single character that is repeated twice or more) (.+)\1+ matches aaaa, cc, abababab, 123123 (a set of one or more characters, repeated twice or more) (The character-sets are alternately colored blue and pink for easy identification. Observe how a RegEx pattern can match quite different text!)

Substitution of text using backreference

The backreferences are also used in find-and-replace operations, to re-assemble new text from old.

The expressions \1 through \9 serve as backreferences to the subexpressions found in the RegEx pattern. The expression \0 is used to represent the text that matches the whole RegEx pattern. These are used in the "find" part of the operation. The expressions $1 through $9 represent the actual text that matches the respective subexpressions. These are used in the "replace" part of the operation. The expressions $0 refers to the whole original name. Note: it is not necessary to enclosed them in round brackets () for this use, $0 is just there.

The replacement text is typically a combination of-

The text that matched the subexpressions, and Some new text.

Note that the RegEx pattern may have some parts that are not enclosed in (). (In other words, it may have parts that are not subexpressions.) Such parts are not used in the replacement text.

Here are some "find-and-replace" examples:

Expression Replace Description (.) (.) $2, $1 Switch two words around and put a comma after the resulting first word. Example: if input string is "John Smith", then output will be "Smith, John". Notice that the replacement text also has additional literal text in the middle (comma and space). \b(\d{2})-(\d{2})-(\d{4})\b $3-$2-$1 Find date sequences in dd-mm-yyyy format and reverse them into yyyy-mm-dd format. (e.g. 25-10-2007 is converted to 2007-10-25). Note: This is not a very robust example, because \d can represent any digit in range of 0-9. That means sequences like 99-99-9999 also will match this pattern, resulting in a problem. This in fact shows that you need to be careful with RegEx patterns! [.*?] Remove the contents of the [...] (square brackets), and the brackets too. (Replace with nothing means deleting.)

Upper case and lower case manipulations

Backreferences can also be used to adjust the case of a certain patterns or fragments, which cannot be easily achieved with generic case manipulation rules.

Flag Description \L Convert all characters to lowercase. \l Convert only the first character to lowercase (that's a lower case L). \U Convert all characters to uppercase. \u Convert only the first character to uppercase.

These flags can be used together with the backreferences in the replace pattern to adjust the case of text inserted by backreferences.

For example, we can do the following manipulations:

Input Find Replace Result test ExAmple (.+) (.+) $1 $2 test ExAmple test ExAmple (.+) (.+) \U$1 $2 TEST ExAmple test ExAmple (.+) (.+) $1 \L$2 test example test ExAmple (.+) (.+) \u$1 \L$2 Test example

Note: Case manipulation features were added in v5.72.4 Beta. This feature is less common and may not exist in other RegEx engines.

Limitations for binary data

One of the known limitation of RegEx engine when working with binary data is that the input string is not searched beyond the first occurrence of NULL character (\x00). This would not affect file names because there are simply no NULL characters in them, but may affect parsing of binary content of files when working in Pascal Script for example.

Useful references

Regular-Expressions.info – Excellent site devoted to regular expressions. It is nicely structured, with many easy to understand examples. TRegExpr – Regular expressions library for Delphi and Free Pascal. For syntax and API documentation see regex.sorokin.engineer. FPC RegEx packages – Regular expressions libraries included in Free Pascal.